Quick-Cook Grains and Pulses

ABSTRACT

A method for making a quick-cook grain or pulse via flat plate compression or gun puffing by controlling the porosity of the grain or pulse. Further, the grain or pulse made in accordance with this invention retains the texture, flavor and appearance of the original grain or pulse.

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/416,468, filed on Nov. 23, 2010, which is incorporated herein in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to a method of processing grains and pulses to control their porosity while retaining their original identity.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Whole grains play an important role in a healthy and balanced diet. Consumption of whole grains provide many health benefits including lowering the risk of chronic diseases such as diabetes and heart disease. Whole grains have also been found to promote weight management and may protect against cancer.

Pulses also play an important role in a healthy and balanced diet. Because of their high protein content, pulses such as kidney beans and lentils are sometimes used as meat substitutes and are heavily consumed by vegetarians and vegans for this reason. Pulses are also low in fat, high in dietary fiber, and rich in antioxidants.

Although grains and pulses provide many health benefits, they are not consumed as frequently as they should be by the average American due to the substantial preparation time needed to cook these foods. In general, a whole grain with its bran layer intact and no modifications made to its structure will cook on the stovetop in about 35 to 45 minutes. Mature pulses must be soaked and then cooked thoroughly before they can be eaten, which can be very time consuming (from one hour to overnight preparation).

Although attempts have been made to provide the consumer with a quick-cooking grain or pulse, these attempts are either expensive to commercially produce due to efficiency or result in a product that is overly puffed, thereby compromising the original texture, flavor and appearance of the original grain and resulting in consumer skepticism. Further, the current technologies that are used to make quick-cooking grains and pulses have many disadvantages. For instance, most of these technologies require pre-cooking with a large amount of water and then removing the water at great expense and poor efficiencies. Another method involves pre-hydrating in the case of grains and pulses to a high moisture and then freeze drying to remove moisture while retaining a porous, reduced density whole particle. Once again, this process is expensive and inefficient when performed on a commercial scale. Additionally, grains can be pre-cooked in an extruder and subsequently formed into grain-like shapes, but these methods change the appearance of the grain and leave it looking unnatural.

In light of the foregoing, a need exists in the field for efficient methods for efficiently and cost-effectively making quick-cooking whole grains and pulses wherein the identity of the caryopsis does not change significantly during processing. Therefore, not only the taste, but also the appearance of the caryopsis is acceptable to the consumer.

The processing methods described and claimed herein create stable, porous, dry whole kernel products without the need for hydrating to 60-80% moisture and then removing the moisture back down to a stable moisture content. This invention also provides a controlled level of puffing for whole grains or whole pulses. Current gun puffed grains are highly puffed and lose their original identity when cooked or soaked in water. They also have a Styrofoam texture in a dry state. With a reduced level of puffing the whole grains and pulses retain their identity when cooked and have a more robust texture when eaten in their dry state. This technology also enables infusion of liquids into the grain or legume structure.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to a method of preparing quick-cooking grains and pulses by controlling their porosity using flat plate compression or gun puffing.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a processing schematic depicting one aspect of the instant invention relating to gun puffing to produce quick cook cereal grains.

FIG. 2 is a processing schematic depicting one aspect of the instant invention relating to gun puffing to produce quick cook pulses.

FIG. 3 is a processing schematic depicting one aspect of the instant invention relating to hot plate puffing to produce quick cook cereal grains.

FIG. 4 is a processing schematic depicting one aspect fo the instant invention relating to hot plate puffing to produce quick cook pulses.

FIG. 5 is a RVA analysis of oats puffed to the target size and density in one aspect of the instant invention

FIG. 6 is an electron micrograph of a cross section of a typical unrtreated oat groat

FIG. 7 is an electron micrograph (1000× magnification) of the interior of a typical untreated oat groat.

FIG. 8 is an electron micrograph of the cross section of an oat groat puffed to the target size and porosity in one aspect of the instant invention.

FIG. 9 is an electron micrograph (1000× magnification) of the interior of an oat groat puffed to the target size and porosity in one aspect of the instant invention.

FIG. 10 is an electron micrograph (3000× magnification) of the microstructure of an oat groat puffed to the target size and porosity in one aspect of the instant invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a method of processing whole grains or pulses to manipulate the internal structure of the food thereby increasing porosity while retaining the nature appearance/original identity of the grains or pulses.

The grains used in accordance with the present invention may include: cereals such as corn, wheat, rice, oat, barley, sorghum, millet, rye, triticale, and spelt, and pseudocereals such as buckwheat and quinoa, and mixtures of these grains. Likewise, the pulses used in accordance with the present invention may include: beans such as pinto, navy, kidney, lima azuki, mung and black gram, dry peas such as garden and protein and chickpea, cowpea, pigeon pea, black-eyed pea and lentils and mixtures of these pulses.

Unpuffed grains and pulses have a bulk density of approximately 800 grams/liter. Bulk density is a secondary indicator of grain porosity, showing that the grains or pulses have swollen without gaining weight. The invention described herein controls the porosity of the grains and pulses and reduces the bulk density to an optimal level for increased hydration while maintaining the texture and appearance of the original grains and pulses.

“Original identity,” “original state” or “raw” as used herein means the uncooked grains or pulses. “Instantaneously” as used herein means a time frame of two seconds or less.

The inventors found that manipulating gun puffing and flat-plate compression processes (as more fully described below) produced lightly puffed grains or pulses with novel properties, including increased moisture penetration rate, decreased preparation time, and a natural appearance following cooking. For example, the grains and pulses made in accordance with the present invention cook in about 1-15 minutes versus the 35 minutes to potentially hours (between soaking and boiling) for grains and pulses in their original/raw states.

One aspect of the present invention, illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4 includes preparing quick-cooking grains and pulses with controlled porosity using hot plates. In this method, raw grain or pulse, having a moisture content of about 8-18% (wet basis,) in the form of whole kernels of grains or pulses are introduced between flat plates, compressed and heated. Prior to hot plate compression, hulls are removed from any grains containing intact hulls. The kernels are compressed for about 1-5 seconds using flat plates heated to about 150-250° C. to partially or fully gelatinize the starch. For slightly puffed products (e.g., bulk density reduction of 5-35%), only partial gelatinization is required. This can be advantageous for achieving certain types of texture. For moderate to highly puffed products (e.g. bulk density reduction of 50-75%), more complete gelatinization of the starch is required to provide structural integrity. Following compression, the pressure is reduced to atmospheric pressure almost instantaneously, for example, less than about 2 seconds. After the pressure is released, the kernels are discharged from the plates. This rapid pressure release causes the internal volume of the grain or pulse kernel to increase due to the controlled pressure and temperature differential. Moreover, the moderate moisture flash-off and light/subtle puffing leave the kernels with a reduced bulk density. For example, the bulk density of the lightly puffed grains may range from about 260-700 g/L, such as about 350-450 g/L. Further, the final moisture of the grains is less than about 14% (wet basis), such as about 7-11%. In an alternative aspect of the invention, the puffed kernels may be further dehydrated by any applicable means, such as drying with hot air in a batch or continuous bed dryer or dried in a fluid bed hot air dryer until a final moisture of less than 14% and a_(w) less than 0.65 is achieved. Equipment that may be used to compress the kernels under pressure and heat include a rice cake popping machine, wherein the plates operate within a mold. The pressure in the hot plates during compression may be between 500-1000 psi. Alternatively, a pair of heated rolls, such as a pair of cereal flaking rolls, rotating towards each other may be used to compress and heat the kernels to lightly puff the kernels.

In another aspect of the present invention, the raw grains are mixed with ingredients, including, but not limited to water, flavor, nutrients and antioxidants to create a grain mixture. This grain mixture is then cooked under pressure, such as in a rotary cereal cooker in an atmosphere of steam pressure at 15-35 psig (250-285° F.) for a period of 20-90 minutes to partially or fully gelatinize the starch and arrive at a cooked grain mixture with a final moisture content of about 20-50%. Next, the cooked grain mixture is dried to about 11-13% moisture if being stored or about 12-18% if being immediately puffed. A moderate temperature, such as about 82° C. for about 60 minutes, may be used to dry the cooked grain mixture. This dried cooked grain mixture is subsequently rehydrated, using water or steam, to about 12-18% moisture. Following this rehydration step, the grain is tempered to allow moisture to equilibrate throughout the internal structure of the grain. Following tempering, the grain is then introduced between flat plates, compressed and heated as described in more detail above. The grain has a similar identity to the pre-processed grain. It still looks like a kernel of oat, rice, etc. but it is in a somewhat flattened state. Upon cooking in water by the end user, the kernels absorb water and return to a more rounded shape. It therefore looks very similar to a non-flat plate kernel that has been cooked in water to the same final moisture state. “Bumping” is a process step that has been used for quick rice for a long time. This is typically done sometime during the quick rice manufacturing process by putting cooked rice through a pair of rolls to make the rice kernel thinner. A thinner kernel cooks faster. In aspects of the invention set for the herein, there is a benefit of faster cooking due to a puffed internal structure and a flatter kernel.

In yet another aspect of the present invention, and as illustrated in FIG. 1, de-hulled whole kernel grains having a moisture content of about 8-14% (wet basis) are introduced into a gun puffing chamber. The chamber is then sealed and the pressure within the chamber is raised to about 80-175 psig at a temperature of about 162-192° C. until the moisture content of the grains reaches about 14-30% (wet basis). This type of puffing usually takes about 60-120 seconds to complete. This temperature and pressure increase within the puffing chamber is raised by injection of saturated steam or superheated steam. The pressure is then reduced to atmospheric pressure almost instantaneously (less than about 2 seconds). The grain is exposed to the rapid change in pressure, either by rapidly opening a lid or a valve at the discharge of the puffing gun, or by passing the grain kernels and steam through a venturi nozzle to create the rapid pressure reduction. Next, the kernels are dehydrated by any applicable means, such as drying with hot air in a batch or continuous bed dryer or dried in a fluid bed hot air dryer to reach a final moisture below about 14% (wet basis) and an a_(w) of less than 0.65. For quick-cook porridge or side dishes, the final moisture content of the grains is about 10-13% (wet basis), whereas grains used as inclusions have a final moisture content of about 3-6% (wet basis).

Alternatively, the raw grains may be preheated to increase the temperature from about 38° C. to about 90° C. prior to introducing the pre-heated grains into the puffing chamber as described in more detail above.

A further aspect of the present invention includes pre-hydrating and tempering the raw grains prior to pre-heating and subsequently gun puffing. For example, the grains may be combined with water via mixing, spraying, steaming or humidifying, to bring the moisture content to about 13-25% wet basis thereby forming a hydrated grains. This pre-hydration step could also be used to introduce other ingredients to the raw grains, including, but not limited to water, flavor, nutrients and antioxidants to create a grain mixture. The hydrated grains are tempered for a period of time sufficient to allow the water to penetrate into the center, or near the center, of the grains for a period of about 1-12 hours. The grains are then pre-heated to increase the temperature from about 38° C. to about 90° C. before introducing the pre-heated grains into the puffing chamber as set forth in more detail above. However, in another aspect of this invention, the grains are puffed without using the pre-heating step.

A further aspect of the present invention includes a method for processing quick-cook pulses. In accordance with this embodiment, dry, whole or split pulses with a moisture content of about 11-15% (wet basis) are introduced into a gun puffing chamber. The chamber is then sealed and the pressure within the chamber is raised to about 80-175 psig at a temperature of about 162-192° C. until the moisture content of the pulses reaches about 14-30% (wet basis), which may take about 60-120 seconds. This temperature and pressure increase within the puffing chamber is raised by injection of saturated steam or superheated steam, or externally heated to reach target super-atmospheric pressure. The pressure is then reduced to atmospheric pressure almost instantaneously. Next, the pulses are dehydrated by any applicable means, such as drying with hot air in a batch or continuous bed dryer or dried in a fluid bed hot air dryer to reach a final moisture below about 14% (wet basis) and an a_(w) of less than 0.65. Quick-cook pulses made in accordance with the present invention and used in meals or side dishes typically have a final moisture content of about 10-13% (wet basis).

Alternatively, the dry, whole or split pulses may be preheated to increase the temperature from about 38° C. to about 90° C. before introducing the pre-heated pulses into the puffing chamber as described in more detail above.

A further aspect of the present invention includes pre-hydrating and tempering the dry, whole or split pulses prior to pre-heating (as described in the immediately preceding paragraph) and subsequently gun puffing. For example, the pulses may be combined with water via mixing, spraying, steaming or humidifying, to bring the moisture content to about 13-25% wet basis thereby forming a hydrated pulses. This pre-hydration step could also be used to introduce other ingredients to the raw pulses, including, but not limited to water, flavor, nutrients and antioxidants to create a legume mixture. These hydrated pulses are tempered for a period of time sufficient to allow the water to penetrate into the center, or near the center, of the grain, typically 1-12 hours. The pulses are then pre-heated to increase the temperature from about 38° C. to about 120° C. before introducing the pre-heated grains into the puffing chamber as set forth in more detail above. In an alternative aspect of the present invention it is possible to lightly puff the pre-hydrated pulses without pre-heating the pulses.

FIG. 5 shows the result of RVA analysis of five (5) different oat samples processed at puffing gun pressures ranging from 110 psig to 160 psig. In this aspect of the instant invention, the RVA curves show that the degree of cook and starch modification are subject to the processing pressure, and therefore the level of starch modification can be controlled. The preferred level of modification for whole oats falls within the range demonstrated by 110-150 psig.

FIG. 8 illustrates the porous structure of a puffed oat made in accordance with the present invention compared to the non-porous structure of an oat as shown in FIG. 6. FIG. 9 shows that a large portion of the starch granules have been gelatinized and plated up against the oat cell wall structure, compared to un-gelatinized starch granules within the oat cell walls in FIG. 7. FIGS. 5 and 10 show that some of the starch granules in the lightly puffed oat are not gelatinized and therefore, during subsequent cooking by the consumer to provide a texture more similar to cooked native whole oats.

The following examples further illustrate the present invention.

Various grains were tested using the flat plate compression methods described above. The results below are taken from two trials conducted of the subject matter described in the present application. Tests were conducted using a rice cake popping machine manufactured by LEM Machine Company or Ideal Snacks Company. These grains are identified in the chart below, along with testing parameters and characteristics of the grains following flat plate compression.

Sample Uncooked Uncooked Uncooked Cooked Cooked A-Grade Brown Long Grain A-Grade Brown Oat Rice White Rice Oat Rice Initial 9.11 10.83 12 10.83 8.40 MC (%) Pre- 90 130 NA 170 270 Hydration Time (Min.) Pre-hydrated 14.7 13.9 12 13.2 12.1 Moisture (%) Top Plate 230 210 210 220 210 Temp. (° C.) Bottom 240 220 220 230 220 PlateTemp. (° C.) Hydraulic 1000 1500 1500 2500 2500 Pressure (PSI) Bake Cycle 11 9 12 12 8 Time (Sec.)

Un- cooked Cooked Cooked Uncooked Cooked Cooked Navy Navy Navy Easton Easton Easton Sample Bean Bean Bean Lentil Lentil Lentil Initial MC 11.4 16.0 11.1 (%) Pre- 220 150 325 250 295 280 hydration Time (Min.) Pre- 16.5 14.0 16.0 14.7 11.7 14.6 hydrated moisture (%) Top Plate 220 220 220 220 220 220 Temp. (° C.) Bottom Plate 225 225 225 225 225 225 Temp. (° C.) Air Supply 85 85 85 85 85 85 Pressure (PSI) Bake Cycle 4.0 4.0 5.0 5.5 4.5 4.5 Time (Sec.) Bake Time 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.5 1.5 1.5 (Sec.) Final 5.0 4.1 9.4 4.8 Too Too Moisture (%) sticky sticky

The grains processed in accordance with the methods of the present invention demonstrated a dramatic decrease in preparation time compared to the grain in its original state, while maintaining the identity of the grain. Pulses processed in accordance with the methods of the present invention demonstrated a dramatic decrease in preparation time compared to raw pulses.

Various grains and pulses were tested using the gun puffing described above. Below are results from various trials performed:

Non-Hydrated Black Kidney Beans Hydrated Black Kidney Beans Time in Pre-Heater (s) 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Puffing Gun Pressure (PSI) 100 130 150 170 100 85 130 160 190 80 Barrel Temp. (° F.) 347 347 347 347 347 347 347 347 347 347 Final Bulk Density (G/2048 cc 1020-1100 700 700 575 860 1080 680 600 600 1150 cup) Hydration procedure: 750 g of water, 15 kg of black kidney beans, equilibrated over night.

Rice Hydrated with Rice Hydrated with Non-Hydrated Rice Water Vinegar Time in Pre-Heater (s) 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 Puffing Gun Pressure 108 90 100 98 130 115 95 103 100 135 95 (PSI) Final Bulk Density 330 900 500-600 800 300 280-450 740-770 600 600-700 300 710 (G/2048 CC Cup) Hydration with water: 750 g of water into 15 kg of rice, equilibrated over night. Hydration with vinegar: 800 g of vinegar (5% acetic acid) into 15 kg of rice, equilibrated over night.

Kilned A-Grade Non-Hydrated Kilned A- Oats Hydrated Kilned A-Grade Oats Grade Oats with Water Hydrated with Vinegar Time in Pre-  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 Heater (s) Puffing Gun 140 115 100 170 180 140 110 105 135 150 165 Pressure (PSI) Final Bulk 550-600 750 840 400 290 520 700 780 540 400 290 Density (G/2048 CC Cup) Hydration with water: 750 g of water into 15 kg of oats, equilibrated over night. Hydration with vinegar: 800 g of vinegar (5% acetic acid) into 15 kg of oats, equilibrated over night.

Green Oats Non-Hydrated Green Hydrated Green Oats Hydrated Oats with Water with Vinegar Time in Pre-Heater 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 (s) Puffing Gun 150 125 100 90 150 125 100 175 150 125 100 Pressure (PSI) Final Bulk Density 400 600 720 800 400 600 760 280 400 630 770 (G/2048 CC Cup) Hydration with water: 750 g of water into 15 kg of oats, equilibrated over night. Hydration with vinegar: 800 g of vinegar (5% acetic acid) into 15 kg of oats, equilibrated over night.

Non-Hydrated Red Kidney Beans Hydrated Red Kidney Beans Time in Pre-Heater (s) 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Puffing Gun Pressure (PSI) 100 130 150 170 80 100 80 130 160 115 Puffing Gun Temp. (° F.) 347348 342 365 372 342 — — 360 370 — Final Bulk Density (G/2048 cc 1020 650 530 580 1220 810 1060 580 580 600 cup) Hydration with water: 750 g of water into 15 kg of beans, equilibrated over night.

Wheat Hydrated Wheat Hydrated Non-Hydrated Wheat with Water with Vinegar Time in Pre-Heater (s) 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 Puffing Gun Pressure 125 115 105 95 105 120 100 120 95 135 (PSI) Final Bulk Density 300 500 823 820 600 400 600 450 400 430 (G/2048 CC Cup) Hydration with water: 750 g of water into 15 kg of wheat equilibrated over night. Hydration with vinegar: 800 go f vinegar (5% acetic acid) into 15 kg of wheat, equilibrated over night.

Overall, the grains and pulses of the present invention exhibit about a 2 to 5-fold increase in volume using the processing methods set forth herein.

The specific grains and pulses were subsequently cooked. These cooking parameters and observations are set forth in the tables below.

Red and black kidney beans: In evaluating the sample, each sample was weighed. 1 tablespoon of margarine and water were brought to a boil in a medium saucepan. The sample was stirred in and the heat was turned down to medium and boiled, stirring occasionally, for 15 minutes. The mixture was subsequently reduced to a low temperature, covered and simmered for 15 minutes. Lastly, the mixture was removed from the heat and stood (with lid on for 5 minutes). The texture and flavor were then evaluated. The results of one such test are as follows:

Set #1- 175 g + Sample Water Cook time Simmer Rest time Sample # 710 g water wt in g wt in g in minutes time, min. in minutes Comments 1 Unhydrated 175 750 15 15 5 Excess water, good red kidney appearance (large bean, 80 psi portion of intact full beans), undercooked chalky texture, flavor ok, needed more cook or simmer time 2 Unhydrated 175 750 15 15 5 Excess water, good red kidney appearance, cooked bean, 100 psi texture al dente or slightly undercooked, flavor has moderate smoky note, higher percentage of loose seed coat skins separated from the bean 3 Unhydrated 175 750 15 15 5 Excess water but more red kidney sauce-like due to loss bean, 130 psi of a large portion of the bean identity, strong smoky or toasted flavor, not good for side dish, may be ok in a soup mix 4 Unhydrated 175 750 15 15 5 Excess water but more red kidney sauce-like due to loss bean, 170 psi of a large portion of the bean identity, strongest smoky or toasted flavor, not good for side dish, may be ok in a soup mix for the right flavor system 5 Water 175 750 15 15 5 Excess water, good hydrated appearance (large red kidney portion of intact full bean, 80 psi beans), cooked texture ok, maybe al dente to some, flavor good, smoky notes either very slight or none 6 Water 175 750 15 15 5 Excess water, good hydrated appearance but fewer red kidney attached seed coats bean, 100 psi than sample #5, cooked texture ok, flavor has slight smoky flavor 7 Water 175 750 15 15 5 Excess water but more hydrated sauce-like due to loss red kidney of a large portion of bean, 130 psi the bean identity, strong smoky or toasted flavor, not good for side dish, may be ok in a soup mix 8 Water 175 750 15 15 5 Excess water but more hydrated sauce-like due to loss red kidney of a large portion of bean, 170 psi the bean identity, strongest smoky or toasted flavor, not good for side dish, may be ok in a soup mix for the right flavor system 9 Unhydrated 175 710 15 15 5 Excess water, good black bean, appearance (large 100 psi portion of intact full beans), al dente texture 10 Unhydrated 175 710 15 15 5 Excess water, fair black bean, appearance, soft 130 psi texture, potentially too soft depending on individual preferences 11 Unhydrated 175 710 15 15 5 Excess water but more black bean, sauce-like due to loss 170 psi of a large portion of the bean identity, most toasted flavor, not good for side dish, may be ok in a soup mix 12 Water 175 710 15 15 5 Excess water, good hydrated appearance (large black bean, portion of intact full 100 psi beans), al dente texture but softer than sample #9 13 Water 175 710 15 15 5 Excess water, fair hydrated appearance, soft black bean, texture, potentially too 130 psi soft depending on individual preferences 14 Water 175 710 15 15 5 Excess water but more hydrated sauce-like due to loss black bean, of a large portion of 170 psi the bean identity, most toasted flavor, not good for side dish, may be ok in a soup mix

Another set of red and black kidney beans was tested with a slightly adjusted method of preparation. In evaluating the second set of samples, each sample was weighed. The sample, 1 tablespoon of margarine and water were brought to a boil in a medium saucepan. The mixture was subsequently reduced to a low temperature, covered and simmered for the target simmer time. Lastly, the mixture was removed from the heat and stood (with lid on for 2 minutes). The texture and flavor were then evaluated. The results of one such test are as follows:

Set #2- 175 g + Sample Water Cook time Simmer Rest time Sample # 473 g water wt in g wt in g in minutes time, min. in minutes Comments 15 Unhydrated 175 473 0 20 2 Moderate amount of red kidney excess water, very bean, 80 psi good appearance, (large portion of intact full beans), undercooked texture, flavor ok 16 Unhydrated 175 473 0 20 2 Moderate amount of red kidney excess water, good bean, 100 psi appearance, undercooked texture, needed about 10′ more of simmer time, flavor ok 17 Unhydrated 175 473 0 20 2 Moderate amount of red kidney excess water, fair bean, 130 psi appearance, slightly undercooked and fragmented bean creates more of a mushy texture, flavor is strong smoky 18 Water 175 473 0 20 2 Small amount of hydrated excess water, very red kidney good appearance, bean, 80 psi undercooked texture, needed about 10′ more of simmer time, flavor ok 19 Water 175 473 0 20 2 Small amount of hydrated excess water, good red kidney appearance, slightly bean, 100 psi undercooked texture, needed about 5′ more of simmer time, flavor ok 20 Water 175 473 0 20 2 Small amount of hydrated excess water, fair red kidney appearance, cook bean, 130 psi texture ok but fragmented bean creates more of a mushy texture, flavor tastes smoky

Set #2- 175 g + Sample Water Cook time Simmer Rest time Sample # 473 g water wt in g wt in g in minutes time, min. in minutes Comments 21 Unhydrated 175 473 0 7 2 Excess water, good black bean, appearance (large 100 psi portion of intact full beans), al dente texture, probably better with more cook time 22 Unhydrated 175 473 0 7 2 Excess water, fair black bean, appearance, soft 130 psi texture, potentially too soft depending on individual preferences 23 Unhydrated 175 473 0 7 2 Excess water but more black bean, sauce-like due to loss 170 psi of a large portion of the bean identity, most toasted flavor, not good for side dish, may be ok in a soup mix 24 Water 175 473 0 7 2 Excess water, good hydrated appearance (large black bean, portion of intact full 100 psi beans), al dente texture but softer than sample #21, best texture and appearance of samples #24-26 25 Water 175 473 0 7 2 Excess water, fair hydrated appearance, soft black bean, texture, potentially too 130 psi soft depending on individual preferences 26 Water 175 473 0 7 2 Excess water but more hydrated sauce-like due to loss black bean, of a large portion of 170 psi the bean identity, most toasted flavor, not good for side dish, may be ok in a soup mix

With respect to the rice samples prepared via gun puffing in accordance with this invention, the samples were subsequently evaluated by the following cooking procedures: the target amount of rice was weighed and then added to sauce pan along with a pre-measured amount of water. The mixture was heated to a boil, reduced to low heat, covered with a lid and simmered for a target cook time (as shown in the tables below). The mixture was subsequently removed from the heat and stood (with the lid on the pan) for a target rest time (as shown in the tables below). Lastly, the samples were evaluated for texture and flavor. The results of one such test are as follows:

Cook Rest Set #1- time time 100 g + Density Sample Water in in Sample # 180 g water g/L wt in g wt in g minutes minutes Comments 27 Unhydrated 400 100 180 5 3 two different textures, one brown rice, that is soft and almost 98 psi, mushy and a second of al 800 g/2 L dente due to non- uniformity of density within sample, bland but maybe slight toasted note 28 Water 370 100 180 5 3 same texture as #27, bland hydrated but maybe slight toasted brown rice, note 95 psi, 740 g/2 L 29 Vinegar 355 100 180 5 3 same texture as #27, hydrated different flavor than #27 brown rice & #28, very slight sour 95 psi, note, less toast notes 710 g/2 L

With respect to the oat samples prepared via gun puffing in accordance with one aspect of this invention, the oats were cooked and tested in a similar manner compared to the rice described above. The results of one such test are as follows:

Set #1- Cook 100 g + time 400 g Density Sample Water in Rest time Sample # water g/L wt in g wt in g minutes in minutes Comments 30 Kiln oat 288 100 400 15 3 very little loose water; unhydrated soft, mushy, porridge like, 140 psi, with individual whole 550-600 g/ kernels still visible, strong 2 L toasted flavor, breaks down with stirring 31 Kiln oat 260 100 400 15 3 very little loose water; water soft, mushy, porridge like, hydrated with individual whole 140 psi, kernels still visible, strong 520 g/2 L toasted flavor, breaks down with stirring 32 Kiln oat 270 100 400 15 3 very little loose water; vinegar soft, mushy, porridge like, hydrated with individual whole 135 psi, kernels still visible, less 540 g/2 L toasted flavor and also has a mild sour taste, 33 Kiln oat 390 100 350 15 3 small amount of loose vinegar water; pasta al dente hydrated texture, no hard 105 psi, centers, sour taste, 780 g/2 L lightest kiln oat color, lightest toasted flavor of sample #s 33-35 34 Kiln oat 350 100 350 15 3 small amount of loose water water; pasta al dente hydrated texture, no hard 110 psi, centers, moderate 700 g/2 L toasted flavor 35 Kiln oat 375 100 350 15 3 small amount of loose unhydrated water; pasta al dente 115 psi, texture, no hard 750 g/2 L centers, darkest color of sample #s 33-35, moderate toasted flavor but stronger than sample #s 33 and 34

With respect to the wheat samples prepared via gun puffing in accordance with this invention, the wheat were cooked and tested in a similar manner compared to the rice described above. The results of one such test are as follows:

Cook Rest time time Set #1- 100 g + Sample Water in in Sample # 350 g water wt in g wt in g minutes minutes Comments 36 Unhydrated 100 350 12 3 chewy and undercooked, too al wheat, 115 psi, dente, noticeable toasted flavor, 500 g/2 L darker color that samples #37 & 38 37 Water hydrated 100 350 12 3 al dente, and slightly wheat, 105 psi, undercooked, bran noticeable 600 g/2 L but not offensive, mild to no toasted flavor 38 Vinegar 100 350 12 3 al dente, and slightly hydrated wheat, undercooked, bran noticeable 105 psi, 600 g/2 L but not offensive, mild to no toasted flavor, grain by itself is not sour but with excess water is sour

Cook Rest time time Set #2- 100 g + Sample Water in in Sample # 250 g water wt in g wt in g minutes minutes Comments 39 Unhydrated wheat, 100 250 15.5 5 undercooked 105 psi, 820 g/2 L 40 Water hydrated 100 250 15.5 5 undercooked, but softer than wheat, 95 psi, 39 820 g/2 L 41 Vinegar hydrated 100 250 15.5 5 undercooked, but softer than wheat, 95 psi, #39 900 g/2 L 39a Unhydrated wheat, 100 250 5 3 chewy and undercooked, too 105 psi, 820 g/2 L, al dente, noticeable toasted cooked sample #39 flavor, darker color than with additional cook #40a & 41a and rest time added 40a Water hydrated 100 250 5 3 chewy and undercooked but wheat, 95 psi, softer than #39a, bran 820 g/2 L, cooked noticeable but not offensive, sample #40 with mild to no toasted flavor additional cook and rest time added 41a Vinegar hydrated 100 250 5 3 chewy and undercooked but wheat, 95 psi, softer than #39a, bran 900 g/2 L, cooked noticeable but not offensive, sample #41 with mild to no toasted flavor, additional cook and excess water is sour rest time added

With respect to green oat samples prepared via gun puffing in accordance with one aspect of the instant invention, the green oats were cooked and tested in a similar manner compared to the rice described above. The results of one such test are as follows:

Cook Rest time time Set #1- 100 g + 400 g Sample Water in in Sample # water wt in g wt in g minutes minutes Comments 42 Green oat 100 400 15 3 soft but pasta al dente type unhydrated 125 psi, texture, with individual 600 g/2 L kernels still visible, moderate toasted flavor 43 Green oat vinegar 100 400 15 3 soft but pasta al dente type hydrated 125 psi, texture, with individual 630 g/2 L kernels still visible, moderate toasted flavor along with sour flavor

Cook Rest time time Set #2- 100 g + 350 g Sample Water in in Sample # water wt in g wt in g minutes minutes Comments 44 Green oat vinegar 100 350 15 3 al dente texture, hulls hydrated 100 psi, noticeable, sour taste, low 770 g/2 L toast flavor 45 Green oat 100 350 15 3 most chewy, hulls unhydrated 90 psi, noticeable, potentially 800 g/2 L could have used a long cook time, low toast flavor, less toasted flavor than samples #33-35

Further, the grains and pulses made in accordance with aspects of this invention may be used in other types of products where the product developer needs to control the density and texture of the components. For example, these grains or pulses could also be used by product developers to make unique agglomerated products such as snack bars. Grains and pulses made in accordance with aspects of the present invention can also be used as a component in a multi-component snack mix.

It was found that using low temperatures and pressures along with the extremely rapid/instantaneous depressurization utilized in the gun puffing and flat plate compression methods described herein provided unexpected results—grains and pulses with low to moderately increased porosity, preferred bulk densities and optimal rehydration properties while retaining the original identity/appearance of the grain or legume.

This invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. The foregoing embodiments, therefore, are to be considered in all respects illustrative rather than limiting the invention described herein. Scope of the invention is thus indicated by the appended claims, rather than by the foregoing description, and all changes that come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are intended to be embraced therein. 

1. A method of processing whole kernel grains to make quick-cook grains by controlling the porosity of the grains while maintaining the identity of the grains comprising the steps of: introducing de-hulled whole kernel grains, having a moisture content of about 8-18%, between two heated devices; compressing the whole kernel grains between the heated devices for about 1-5 seconds; heating the whole kernel grains between the heated devices and causing the water within the grains to reach a superheated condition; instantaneously reducing the whole kernel grains to atmospheric pressure to create a slightly puffed grains with a reduced bulk density; and discharging the slightly puffed whole kernel grains from the heated devices; wherein the slightly puffed whole kernel grains have a bulk density between 260-700 g/L and a final moisture content below about 14% and an a_(w) less than about 0.65.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the heated devices are at least two heated flat plates.
 3. The method of claim 2 wherein the flat plates have a temperature of about 150-250° C. and the pressure exerted on the grain is about 500 to about 1000 psig.
 4. The method of claim 2 wherein after compressing, starch in the whole kernel grains is partially gelatinized.
 5. The method of claim 2 wherein after compressing starch in the whole kernel grains is fully gelatinized.
 6. The method of claim 2 wherein the following steps are performed prior to the step of introducing the whole kernel grains between the flat plates: mixing the de-hulled whole kernel grains with ingredients selected from the group consisting of water, flavor, nutrients, antioxidants and mixtures thereof to create a grain mixture; cooking the grain mixture under pressure to partially or fully gelatinize starch in the grains and arrive at a cooked grain mixture with a final moisture content of about 30-40%; and drying the cooked grain mixture.
 7. The method of claim 6 wherein the cooked grain mixture is dried to about 11-13% moisture and subsequently stored.
 8. The method of claim 6 wherein the cooked grain mixture is dried to about 12-18% when proceeding immediately to the compressing between the flat plates.
 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the heated devices are at least two counter-rotating parallel rolls.
 10. The method of claim 1 wherein the heated devices are at least two mated non-flat plates.
 11. A method of processing pulses to make quick-cook pulses by controlling the porosity of the pulses while maintaining the identity of the pulses comprising the steps of: introducing whole pulses having a moisture content of about 8-18% between two heated devices; compressing the whole pulses between the heated devices for about 1-5 seconds to gelatinize starch contained in the pulse; instantaneously reducing the pulses to atmospheric pressure to create a slightly puffed pulse with a reduced bulk density; discharging the slightly puffed pulses from the heated devices; wherein the pulse has a bulk density between 260-700 g/L, the final moisture content is below about 14% with an a_(w) less than about 0.65.
 12. The method of claim 11 wherein the heated devices are at least two counter-rotating parallel rolls.
 13. The method of claim 11 wherein the heated devices are at least two mated non-flat plates.
 14. A method of processing grains to control the porosity of the grains while maintaining the identity of the whole grains comprising the steps of: introducing whole kernel grains having a moisture content of about 8-14% into a gun puffing chamber and sealing the chamber; raising the pressure of the chamber to reach a pressure of about 80-175 psig at a temperature of about 162-192° C. until the moisture of the whole kernel grains reaches a moisture content of about 14-30%; instantaneously reducing the whole kernel grains to atmospheric pressure to create slightly puffed grains with reduced bulk density; and dehydrating the whole kernel grains to reach a moisture content below about 14% and an a_(w) less than about 0.65.
 15. The method of claim 14 wherein the moisture content of the whole kernel grains following dehydration is about 10-13%.
 16. The method of claim 14 wherein the moisture content of the whole kernel grains following dehydration is about 3-5%.
 17. The method of claim 14 wherein the prior to the step of introducing the raw whole kernel grain into the gun puffing chamber, the raw grain is preheated to increase the temperature of the whole kernel grain to about 120° C.
 18. The method of claim 14 wherein the method of processing the whole kernel grains also includes pre-hydrating and tempering the whole kernel grains to bring the moisture content to about 13-25% and then preheating the grains to bring the temperature of the grains to about 90° C. prior to introducing the grains into the gun puffing chamber.
 19. A method of processing whole pulses to control the porosity of the whole pulses while maintaining the identity of the whole pulses comprising the steps of: introducing whole pulses having a moisture content of about 8-14% into a gun puffing chamber and sealing the chamber; raising the pressure of the chamber to reach a pressure of about 80-175 psig at a temperature of about 162-192° C. until the moisture within the whole pulses reaches a moisture content of about 14-30%; instantaneously reducing the whole pulses to atmospheric pressure to create a slightly puffed whole pulses with a reduced bulk density; and dehydrating the whole pulses to reach a moisture content below about 14% and an a_(w) less than about 0.65.
 20. The method of claim 19 wherein the moisture content of the pulses following dehydration is about 10-13%.
 21. The method of claim 19 wherein the moisture content of the whole pulses following dehydration is about 3-5%.
 22. The method of claim 19 wherein the prior to the step of introducing the whole pulses into the gun puffing chamber, the whole pulses are preheated to increase the temperature of the pulses to about 90° C.
 23. The method of claim 19 wherein the method of processing also includes tempering the whole pulses to bring the moisture content to about 13-25% and then preheating the pulses to bring the temperature of the whole pulses to about 90° C. prior to introducing the pulses into the gun puffing chamber.
 24. A method of processing split pulses to control the porosity of the split pulses while maintaining the identity of the split pulses comprising the steps of: introducing split pulses having a moisture content of about 8-14% into a gun puffing chamber and sealing the chamber; raising the pressure of the chamber to reach a pressure of about 80-175 psig at a temperature of about 162-192° C. until the moisture within the whole pulses reaches a moisture content of about 14-30%; instantaneously reducing the split pulses to atmospheric pressure to create slightly puffed split pulses having a reduced bulk density; and dehydrating the split pulses to reach a moisture content below 14% and an a_(w) less than about 0.65.
 25. The method of claim 24 wherein the moisture content of the pulses following dehydration is about 10-13%.
 26. The method of claim 24 wherein the moisture content of the split pulses following dehydration is about 3-5%.
 27. The method of claim 24 wherein prior to the step of introducing the split pulses into the gun puffing chamber, the split pulses are preheated to increase the temperature of the pulses to about 90° C.
 28. The method of claim 24 wherein the method of processing also includes tempering the split pulses to bring the moisture content to about 13-25% and then preheating the pulses to bring the temperature of the split pulses to about 90° C. prior to introducing the pulses into the gun puffing chamber.
 29. The quick-cook grains produced by the methods of claims 1 and
 12. 30. The quick-cook pulses produced by the methods of claims 11, 19 and
 24. 